Downward progress

Mild stimulation for in vitro fertilization: making progress downward.

The prevalence of infertility is 9% of married or co-habiting couples in all countries of the world (Boivin et al., 2007). In many cases, the infertility can be treated effectively only by means of assisted reproductive techniques (ART). In some developing countries, however, ART services are too expensive to be offered. Even in developed countries, ART is only available to women who can afford...

Litotes and downward monotonicity

Emergence and Downward Causation

ion inherent in each single individual. In its reality it is the ensemble of social relations’ [Marx 1972: 109]). If one were to represent these two views of emergence as ideal types, one could say the former, complex systems approach stresses the ordinary workings of nature as resulting in surprising behaviour of complex systems; the distinction between levels is characterized as a distinction...

The Downward Refinement Property

Using abstraction in planning does not guarantee an im­ provement in search efficiency; it is possible for an abstract planner to display worse performance than one that does not use abstraction. Analysis and experiments have shown that good abstraction hierarchies have, or are close to having, the downward refinement property, whereby, given that a concrete-level solution exists, every abstrac...

Upward Morley's theorem downward

By a celebrated theorem of Morley, a theory T is א1-categorical if and only if it is κ-categorical for all uncountable κ. In this paper we are taking the first steps towards extending Morley’s categoricity theorem “to the finite”. In more detail, we are presenting conditions, implying that certain finite subsets of certain א1-categorical T have at most one n-element model for each natural numbe...